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The Truth About the Mohammedian Faith (Islam)

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THE PILLARS AND BELIEFS OF ISLAM WERE ADOPTED BY MOHAMMED FROM VARIOUS PAGAN RELIGIONS ALREADY PREVALENT IN 7TH CENTURY ARABIA.

* The Kabah was a sanctuary in Mecca in pre-Islamic Arabia where travelers would enter and worship their particular god. There were 360 idols in the Kabah.2,3,4

* "Allah", the name of the god of the Muslims, was the well-known name of one of the many gods worshiped in the Kabah in pre-Islamic times.9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25 Mohammed promoted a god of whom all in Arabia were well-aware.

* A pilgrimage to Mecca to worship at the Kabah at least once in a lifetime was a strong tradition.1,6,8

* Once pagan pilgrims arrived in Mecca, they ran around the Kabah seven times, kissed the black stone, and ran about a mile to the Wadi Mani to throw stones at the devil (now traditions of Islam).6

* The pagans bowed and prayed toward Mecca during set times daily.6

* The Sabean religion worshiped the heavenly bodies. Their pagan rite of fasting began with the appearance of the crescent moon and ceased when the crescent moon reappeared. Mohammed adopted this ritual, which is now called the Ramadan month of fasting.5,7

"ALLAH" HAD NO SON, BUT HE DID HAVE THREE DAUGHTERS!

* The Sabeans in Pre-Islamic Arabia believed the moon god and the sun goddess had three daughters, Al-Lat, Al-Uzza, and Manat, collectively called "the daughters of Allah". These gods were worshiped as the highest in the ranks of Arabian deities.26,27

* The crescent moon is seen everywhere in Arabia's archeology, art, flags, the tops of mosques and minarets, in religious rites such as Ramadan which begins and ends with the crescent moon, special prayer services during eclipses of the moon, etc.

* Mohammed's family was especially devoted to Allah, the moon god, and Allah's three daughters who were seen as intercessors. The literal Arabic name for Mohammed's father was Abd-Allah, and his uncle's name was Obied-Allah.

WOMEN ARE DENIED THE MOST BASIC HUMAN RIGHTS.

* "Men are the managers of the affairs of women... Those you fear may be rebellious - admonish; banish them to their couches and beat them [also translated "scourge them"]". Sura 4:34

* Men may divorce any one of their one to four wives for any reason whatsoever. A woman has no right to divorce her husband.

* Women are denied voting privileges in Kuwait, are denied the right to drive a car in Saudi Arabia, are unwillingly subjected to a crude surgical procedure in which their clitoris is excised, etc.

EXAMINE THEIR DIFFERING PLANS OF SALVATION TO SEE THAT THE GOD OF CHRISTIANITY IS MORE HOLY AND JUST THAN THE GOD OF ISLAM.

A man is caught in the act of murdering another man and committing adultery with his wife. He is apprehended. The evidence accumulates - he is clearly guilty. He appears in the courtroom of justice and begins to defend himself. "Oh Judge, I did commit those crimes of which I am accused. But during my lifetime, I also saved 100 people from a burning building. As a physician, I cured many people from their diseases. I believed and taught the true religion of the Quran every day in the mosque. I fought in our holy wars. I was your classmate, if you remember, in school. If you will clear my guilt of these crimes, of which I profess to be guilty, I will give you a large sum of money..."

Would a just defender of the Law judge this adulterer and murderer with favoritism, with respect to persons? Would a just Judge allow himself to be bribed to pervert justice? No! The man is still guilty of his crimes, regardless of his other acts of righteousness, regardless of his previous acquaintance with the Judge. He is guilty, and only an unjust Judge will overlook the evidence and unjustly pardon him.

In our story, the Judge, knowing that his friend was guilty, despises justice, repeals the commandment, and carelessly forgives the man his crimes. He judges with favoritism, and allows himself to be bribed by the criminal to pervert judgment. In so doing, the judge casts a dark shadow upon the Law he swore to defend. The townspeople begin to take the law lightly now that the Judge has taught with his actions that the law is unworthy and the judgments unfair. Indeed, the Judge promotes anarchy in his kingdom!

This is a parallel of the way of salvation according to Islam. The Muslim thinks that doing righteous deeds will make up for his unlawful deeds. He thinks that he will be judged with favoritism on the day of judgment. He thinks he can bribe God to pervert justice with his prayers, good works, his gifts to the poor, his zeal for the Quran, dying in a holy war, etc. (Sura 6:126-127; 3:57,92; 22:56; 22:50; 22:14,23). The Quran teaches that there is no savior or intercessor for the transgressor - he must save himself! (Sura 6:51,70; 10:3.) They believe that "Allah" is all-merciful, but the plan of salvation according to the Quran makes "Allah" out to be an unholy and unjust judge. God would be unjust and unholy to judge with favoritism! Good deeds do not make up for unlawful deeds in any just court of law!

To the peril of the Muslim, the God of Abraham says that His merciful and compassionate character "will by no means clear the guilty" (Exod.34:6-7). God "will not at all acquit the wicked" (Nahum 1:3). "He that justifieth the wicked, and he that condemneth the just, even they both are abomination to the Lord" (Proverbs 17:15). "These things also belong to the wise. It is not good to have respect of persons in judgment. He that saith unto the wicked, Thou art righteous; him shall the people curse, nations shall abhor him: But to them that rebuke him shall be delight, and a good blessing shall come upon them" (Proverbs 24:23-25). God executes righteous judgment!

So the All-Merciful and All-Compassionate God is in a predicament. How can He show mercy to sinful man and be reconciled to him in loving fellowship without repealing His just and good Law and promoting anarchy in His Kingdom? Here is how. The Judge hears the evidence of man's guilt, slams down the gavel of justice "GUILTY, as charged!" He must uphold His Law! He must act justly, or else cease to be holy! His compassionate heart breaks as he considers the eternal pains of justice the criminal must now face. But then, the Judge, compassionate and merciful as He is, steps down off the throne of judgment and beckons His only begotten Son unto Him. They counsel, and agree that the best way to magnify the Law and make it honorable in front of the people, and be merciful to the criminal simultaneously, is for the Son to receive the penalty of the transgression upon His own body! He, being innocent, willfully suffers the death of the transgressor. Nevertheless, His pain is temporary. He will be resurrected on the third day and will be the living Savior of all men who believe in Him. His act of sacrifice is done publicly in order to produce the greatest influence upon the citizens of the world. The effect is twofold: 1. The Judge upholds the righteous Law He swore to defend. The whole city praises the Judge for His justice and His mercy, and respect for the Law increases throughout the land. 2. The guilty man, knowing that the Law was not repealed to offer him mercy, experiences not only a great fear over the judgments and penalties of the Law which he has broken, but also a great love for the Lawgiver and His Son, who would sacrifice His own body in order to wisely extend to him mercy and forgiveness. The criminal's heart is won! The Judge's sacrifice leads the transgressor to repentance, and wins his devotion to His Law. All-consuming love for his crucified and risen Savior will now forever be his primary motive to conform to the divine Law!

God is so holy and wise, that He demands atonement for the criminal's sin in order to extend forgiveness to him. "Atonement" is defined as the amends for or reparation of the injurious wrongs done by man, in order to reconcile God and man. In the Old Testament, it was the blood of a spotless lamb that atoned for the sins of the people. As the people watched this innocent, spotless lamb being bled and killed because of their sins, it was intended that they feel sorrow and remorse for their sins, so as not sin again. It was intended by God that they gain respect for His Law, as they realized God could not forgive sin without the shedding of blood. Unfortunately, many of the Jewish sacrificers soon forgot about their spotless lamb, and returned to their Law-breaking ways. Their sacrifices were even considered an abomination to God if they did not stop their sinning (Isaiah 1, Amos 5, Jeremiah 6). The Old Testament animal sacrifices were also intended to foreshadow the coming Savior, the Messiah, the Lamb of God who would take away the sins of the world. Now man does not have the blood of animals shed for his transgressions, but the blood of the spotless Lamb of God, Jesus, which was shed on their behalf. And when man sins, it is not the blood of an animal he despises, but the blood of Jesus Christ! How can we think lightly of this great sacrifice? How can we despise His great suffering, His agonies, His precious blood? The sacrifice of Christ is enough to cause all men to love Him and obey His Law. Should this love shown to us by the Lawgiver not provoke us to selfless devotion to His Law, we are forever hopeless. Should the Son of God not be able to make us righteous with His blood, we will never be made righteous.

The way to be forgiven of your sin according to the Holy Bible is to repent and believe in Jesus Christ. "This righteousness from God comes through faith in Jesus Christ to all who believe. There is no difference [between races of people], for all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God, and are justified freely by His grace through the redemption that came by Christ Jesus. God presented Him as a sacrifice of atonement, through faith in His blood. He did this to demonstrate His justice, because in His forbearance he had left the sins committed beforehand unpunished - he did it to demonstrate His justice at the present time, so as to be just and the One who justifies those who believe in Jesus" (Romans 3:22-26) Oh! What a wise plan God has devised to save mankind!

Jesus died on the cross, but did not stay in the grave. He rose up three days later, and He now sits at the Father's right hand. He promised to return to earth some day to set up His Kingdom and judge the nations. The way to enter into His Kingdom and be reconciled with God according to the Holy Bible consists of faith and submission to the Savior, Jesus, God's Son, whom God has appointed King. Jesus said "I am the way, the truth, and the life; no man cometh unto the Father but by Me" (John 14:6). "For there is one God, and one mediator between God and men, the man Christ Jesus; Who gave himself a ransom for all..." (I Tim.2:5-6). "Neither is there salvation in any other: for there is none other name under heaven given among men, whereby we must be saved" (Acts 4:12). Because Jesus humbled himself, and became obedient unto the death of the cross, "God hath highly exalted Him, and given Him a name which is above every name: That at the name of Jesus every knee should bow, of things in heaven, and things in earth and things under the earth; And that every tongue should confess that Jesus Christ is Lord, to the glory of God the Father" (Phil. 2:8-11). All men will be judged by Him on the day of Judgment according to their works, without favoritism. Therefore, men should fear Him, repent of their sins, and trust in Jesus to defend them in the courtroom of justice. God "now commandeth all men every where to repent: Because He hath appointed a day, in the which He will judge the world in righteousness by that man whom He hath ordained; whereof He hath given assurance unto all men, in that He hath raised Him from the dead" (Acts 17:30-31).

How could God inform the truth-seekers of exactly who the Messiah would be, so that they would not believe in an imposter? Prophecy! Here are just some of the Jewish prophecies of the Messiah, which Jesus fulfilled hundreds of years after they were written: Born of the seed of a woman (Genesis 1:26); Of the seed of Abraham (Genesis 12:3); From the tribe of Judah (Genesis 49:10); Heir to the throne of David (Isaiah 9:6-7); Born in Bethlehem (Micah 5:2); Born of a virgin (Isaiah 7:14); His ministry would be preceded by a prophet in the spirit and power of Elijah (Isaiah 40:3; Malachi 4:5-6); Would be revealed at the "appointed" time, accurately predicting the time of his ministry (Daniel 9:25); Declared to be the Son of God (Psalm 2:7,12, Proverbs 30:4); Would be a prophet (Deuteronomy 18:15); Rejected by His own (Isaiah 53:3); He would enter Jerusalem riding upon an ass (Zechariah 9:9); Betrayed for 30 pieces of silver, which would be cast to the potter (Zechariah 11:12-13); Silent to accusations (Isaiah 53:7); Spat upon and smitten (Isaiah 50:6); Would offer up His soul as the sacrifice for the sins of the world (Isaiah 53); Crucified with criminals (Isaiah 53:12); Pierced through hands, feet and side (Zechariah 12:10); Soldiers gambled for His coat (Psalm 22:18); No bones broken (Psalm 34:20); Buried with the rich (Isaiah 53:9); Resurrected from the dead (Psalm 16:10-11); Ascended to the right hand of God (Psalm 68:18); Would justify many who would receive the knowledge of Him (Isaiah 53:11); Would bring the Gentiles into the new covenant (Isaiah 42:6; 60:3); His coming glory and His judgment seat, when He will destroy all those who did not believe in Him (Malachi 3:2-3; Psalm 2, Isaiah 59:17-19, etc.) There are many more prophecies He fulfilled also. A total of 33 prophecies were fulfilled just on the day of His death!

How clear has the God of Abraham made it to all truth-seekers that Jesus is indeed the Messiah, the Son of God, the Savior of all who believe and submit unto Him! He has left us no room for doubt. Most Muslims at this point insist that the Jewish Scriptures were perverted by the Jews and the New Testament Scriptures were corrupted by the Christians, although they have no documentary evidence to their claim. However, it is impossible that the Christians could pervert the Jewish Scriptures to their advantage, since most of the Jews rejected Jesus and preserved their Scriptures well. It is impossible that the Christians stole all of the Jewish Scriptures throughout the entire world, put in hundreds of prophecies about Christ which Jesus fulfilled, and then returned these documents back to the Jews without the Jews ever finding out that they were missing and subsequently never discovered their alterations! Foolishness! And the Jewish Scriptures include so many prophecies of the Messiah which Jesus fulfilled in detail, that only a fool would deny Him.

And the Mohammedians cannot insist that Jesus did not truly fulfill them as the New Testament claims without threatening the validity of the Quran, which gets information from the New Testament. The Quran and the Hadith both uphold the Bible as God's Word and appeal to it as the authority for what Mohammed taught and did.53,54,55,60 The Quran admits Jesus' virgin birth, His prophetic ministry, His miracles, and orthodox Muslims even believe that Jesus is alive and will return to earth again (Sura 19; 61:6; 2:87,135-138,253; 5:45-47,110-118; 3:45-63; 66:12). But they deny other New Testament truths such as Jesus being the Son of God, that He died on the cross, and that He rose again (Sura 43:55-62; 5:75; 4:157; 19:88; 18:4-5; 9:30). If they try to say that the New Testament Scriptures are corrupt, then the Quran must be too. In rejecting the New Testament, they dig a hole for their own sacred book.

Jesus also did miracles, to assure the people that He was the promised Messiah. He healed the sick, cleansed the lepers, raised the dead, and cast out devils. However, there are eight references in the Quran which state that Mohammed did no "signs", or miracles (Sura 1:118; 6:37; 13:7,27; 17:90-95; 21:5; 26:4; 29:50). Mohammed makes excuses for his lack of miracle-working power, but Jesus said, "If I had not done among them the works which no other man did, they had not had sin, but now they have no cloak for their sin" (John 15:24). When the unbelieving Jews asked Jesus if He were the Christ, He answered, "I told you, and ye believed not: the works that I do in My Father's name, they bear witness of Me" (John 10:25).

In both the Old and New Testaments, all the prophets, including Jesus, made accurate predictions of the future. The true test of a prophet, after all, is whether his predictions come true or not (Deuteronomy 18:20-22). On the other hand, the Quran never once quotes Mohammed offering a prediction of the future. History states that he once predicted victory for his growing band of plundering murderers in their first battle with the Meccans, but his predictions failed to come true when they suffered bitter defeat.

Truly, Jesus is the Lamb of God, the sacrifice for the sins of man, the promised Messiah, the Son of God, the Savior of all who believe in Him. "Who is a liar but he that denieth that Jesus is the Christ? He is antichrist, that denieth the Father and the Son. Whosoever denieth the Son, the same hath not the Father: [but] he that acknowledgeth the Son hath the Father also... He that believeth on the Son of God hath the witness in himself: he that believeth not God hath made Him a liar; because he believeth not the record that God gave of His Son. And this is the record, that God hath given to us eternal life, and this life is in His Son. He that hath the Son hath life; and he that hath not the Son of God hath not life" (I John 2:22-23; 5:10-12). "For God so loved the world, that He gave His only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in Him should not perish, but have everlasting life... He that believeth on the Son hath everlasting life: and he that believeth not the Son shall not see life; but the wrath of God abideth on him" (John 3:16,36). Even the Mohammedians can receive forgiveness of sins through repentance and faith in God's Son.

MOHAMMED WAS A SINNER ACCORDING TO THE QURAN AND ARABIC HISTORY!

The Quran clearly teaches that Mohammed was a normal man (Sura 118:10). Nowhere in the Quran does it teach that Mohammed was sinless. In fact, Allah tells Mohammed to "Ask forgiveness of thy sin" (Sura 40:55). Mohammed was told that he was forgiven of his past sins and would need forgiveness for his future sins in Sura 48:1-2.

Consider Mohammed's hypocrisy: When Mohammed first began to publicize his monotheistic message, hostility mounted and threats grew so severe at one point that Mohammed was driven to compromise. In order to appease his Quayrash tribe members and even members of his own family who opposed him, he condoned the worship of the "three daughters of Allah". Early Muslim authorities admit that Satan tempted him successfully at this point to condone idolatry to appease the mobs at Mecca. This record became known as "the satanic verses" of the Quran, which were later conveniently "abrogated" from the text.33 All Mohammed biographies, all Western and Muslim Middle East scholars, and every general and Islamic reference work affirms the reality of their existence. This hypocritical act of Mohammed clearly is a sin! A true prophet of God would never defy God by condoning idolatry to appease the idolaters.

Consider his lustful habits: Early in Mohammed's ministry, he received word from Allah that men were to have no more than four wives (Sura 4:2-3). However, when criticism arose because Mohammed had more wives than this, he conveniently received another revelation in which God allows him and him alone to have more than four wives (Sura 33:49-50).34 He had a total of sixteen wives in his lifetime, plus slave girls and concubines.

One wife of Mohammed, Zaynab of Jahsh was originally Mohammed's adopted son's wife! After lusting for her once, he ordered his adopted son Zaid to divorce her and let him have her. When they refused this outrageous request, Mohammed received a "convenient" revelation from Allah, which not only commanded Zaid to separate from his wife, but also decreed that there was no evil in a father-in-law taking his daughter-in-law away from his adopted son! Read it for yourself in Sura 33:36-38. (It is no wonder that this passage has led many Muslims to renounce Islam.)

Mohammed married little Aesha when she was only six years old! - although he did not consummate the marriage until she was eight or nine. Is this not child molestation? Is it not wrong for a grown man to have sex with a little girl who was still playing with her dolls according to the Hadith? How can these actions be justified? Clearly, Mohammed was a wicked man.

MOHAMMED THOUGHT HE WAS DEMON-POSSESSED!

There are more startling facts about Mohammed's ministry which we need to consider in our evaluation of this "prophet". Mohammed claimed that earlier in his life, a heavenly being had split open his stomach, stirred his insides around, then sowed him back up.28 Many early Muslim writers and even Mohammed's relatives have affirmed this. Mohammed referred to this incident in Sura 94:1, which is literally translated, "Did we not open thy breast for thee?"

Early Muslim tradition records the fact that Mohammed would fall to the ground, jerk violently, his eyes would roll backwards, and he would perspire profusely before receiving these divine visitations.29 After the "attack", which many modern scholars believe to have been epileptic seizures32, he would arise after such manifestations or similar trance-like episodes and proclaim "the words of Allah", which would later be written in the Quran.

Mohammed had serious doubts about his sanity in his early life. He actually thought that he was possessed by demons or "jinns" and even attempted suicide. But his wife prevented him from committing suicide by convincing him that he was a good man and could not be demon-possessed.

Perhaps Mohammed was right - he was demon-possessed!30,31 This opening of his breast and stirring up of his insides is very suspicious of demonic entrance. The unusual bodily convulsions surrounding his visions are characteristic of demonic possession in the Holy Bible, and in modern-day experiences with demonic influence. No prophet in the Bible ever experienced such things when God spoke to him. What the Muslims interpret as divine visitation, I interpret as a visitation of evil, agreeing with Mohammed's initial discernment on the matter.

Jesus warned that many false prophets would come and deceive many - He told us that we could identify them by their fruit (Matthew 7:15-20; 24:24). The Bible says that Jesus was without sin. But the Quran and Arabic history clearly testify to Mohammed's sinfulness. We can be certain that Mohammed was NOT a prophet of the true God by his fruit.

As recorded in the Holy Bible, the Apostle Paul told the Galatian church: "Though we, or an angel from heaven, preach any other gospel unto you than that which we have preached unto you, let him be accursed." Mohammed preached another Gospel, another way of salvation besides God's One True Way (John 14:6). He is accursed, as will be all of his followers on the Day of Judgment.

LOVE THE TRUTH - COME TO THE LIGHT

If Allah were truly God, I would want to serve him. All followers of God should love the truth more than they love "being right". If the evidence favored Mohammed's way, I would surely walk in it. But how do I discover who God really is? How do I learn the way to the true God? Is it by blind faith in a man who claims to represent Him? No! If Allah were the true God, then seeking the truth would affirm his divinity and authority. If the Quran was the word of God, then researching its textual evidences and its preservation would confirm its veracity. Contrariwise, if the God of the Bible is true, then one seeking the truth with an open heart and mind would surely find Him. God is not reluctant to reveal Himself to the humble seeker.

Why is it illegal in Muslim countries to question, challenge, and scrutinize the teachings of the Quran? What is there to hide? I am suspicious of any religion that refuses to allow others to examine its sacred book using the normal rules of research and logic. What do they fear? I do not believe the true God takes offense at an honest question proposed by a seeker of truth. Only those who have embraced a lie fear the truth. The faith of Islam is full of presumption and circular reasoning.40 Try to be unbiased in your studies and you will see it. Study the history of the texts of the Quran; mark the lack of original documents51,52; observe Mohammed's poor understanding of biblical characters, his flagrant borrowing from legends and stories common in 7th century Arabia, his plagiarism from pre-Islamic literature, the Jewish Talmud, the Midrash, many apocryphal works, heretical Christian sources, eastern religious sources, etc., the internal contradictions of the Quran64; note its variant readings, its "abrogated" verses, the cover-up of some Muslim leaders39,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,49,50; compare Caliph Uthman's text to pre-Uthman texts and note its changes48; discover Ubai's addition of Mohammedian suras in his manuscript of which Uthman did not approve and therefore omitted from his version. Study the text and you will find contradicting accounts of the same events61, and characters who lived hundred of years apart speaking and relating to each other on earth.62 Observe its imperfect Arabic grammar and its use of over 100 non-Arabic words.35,36,37,38 Read the Gospel of Barnabas for yourself and see that it contradicts the Quran and the Hadith as well as the Bible.56,57,58,59

True faith must be based upon accurate knowledge. Challenge your bias - question your presumptions - if Allah is God and Mohammed his prophet, then research and seeking answers for your questions will reinforce your faith. If Allah is not the true God, if Mohammed was a liar and a promoter of the "moon god", if the Quran is not God's Word, wouldn't you want to know so that you would not be deceived - so that you could seek the true God? Seek the truth!

If one will objectively study the history of Islam, the life of Mohammed, and the Quran, it is clearly seen that it is NOT the truth. But if one will humbly seek the truth as he reads the HOLY BIBLE, learning of its sturdy textual foundations, studying its prophecies, appreciating the beautiful teaching of Jesus, he will surely discover that, without a doubt, it is the truth.

READ THE HOLY BIBLE - TURN FROM ALL OF YOUR SINS - BELIEVE IN JESUS, THE SON OF GOD, WHO DIED ON THE CROSS TO OFFER YOU FORGIVENESS AND PEACE WITH GOD -CALL UPON HIS NAME FOR MERCY AND THE GOD OF ABRAHAM WILL READILY ADOPT YOU INTO HIS FAMILY, AND HE WILL BECOME YOUR MERCIFUL, LOVING FATHER. JESUS IS ALIVE, AND IS COMING BACK SOON TO JUDGE ALL MEN ACCORDING TO THEIR DEEDS, SO SEEK HIM TODAY, WHILE YOU ARE ABLE!

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Credits go to Islamic Invasion by Robert Morey

REFERENCES

1. Ali Dashti, 23 Years: A Study of the Prophetic Career of Mohammad (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1985), pp.33-38.

2. Chambers Encyclopedia (London: International Learning Center, 1973), IX:453.

3. Praeger Encyclopedia of Art (New York: Praeger, 1971), pp.68-70. Encyclopedia of World Art (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1959), I537ff.

4. Encyclopedia Britannica, 15:150ff.

5. Encyclopedia of Religion (ed.Eliade), 1:364-365; 7:303; 8:225ff.

6. This is supported by all general reference works such as Encyclopedia Britannica and all standard encyclopedias and dictionaries on Islam.

7. Michael Nazar-Ali, Islam: A Christian Perspective (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1983), p.21.

8. Alfred Guillaume, Islam (London: Penguin Books, 1954), p.6.

9. H.A.R. Gibb, Mohammedanism: An Historical Survey (New York: Mentor Books, 1955), p.38.

10. Arthur Jeffery, ed., Islam: Muhammad and His Religion (New York: The Liberal Arts Press, 1958), p.85.

11. J.Blau, "Arabic Lexiographical Miscellanies," Journal of Semitic Studies, vol.XVII, no.2, 1972, pp.173-90.

12. Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, ed.James Hastings (Edinburgh:T.&T.Clark, 1908), I:326.

13. Encyclopedia of Religion, eds. Paul Meager, Thomas O'Brian, Consuela Aherne (Washington D.C.: Corpus Pub., 1979), I:117.

14. Encyclopedia Britannica, I:643

15. Encyclopedia of Islam, eds. Houtsma, Arnold, Basset, Hartman (Leiden:E.J.Brill, 1971), III:1093.

16. Encyclopedia of Islam, ed.Gibb, I:406.

17. Encyclopedia of Islam, eds. Lewis, Menage, Pellat, Schacht (Leiden: E.J.Brill, 1971), III:1093.

18. The Facts on File: Encyclopedia of World Mythology and Legend, ed.Anthony Mercatante (New York, The Facts on File, 1983), I:41.

19. Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics (ed.Hastings), I:326.

20. Henry Preserved Smith, The Bible and Islam: or, The Influence of the Old and New Testament on the Religion of Mohammed (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1897), p.102.

21. Kenneth Cragg, The Call of the Minaret (New York: Oxford University Press, 1956), p.31.

22. William Montgomery Watt, Muhammad's Mecca, p. vii.

23. William Montgomery Watt, "Belief in a High God in Pre-Islamic Mecca", Journal of Semitic Studies, vol.16, 1971, pp.35-40.

24. Caesar Farah, Islam: Beliefs and Observations (New York:Barrons, 1987), p.28.

25. E.M.Wherry, A Comprehensive Commentary on the Quran (Osnabruck: Otto Zeller Verlag, 1973), p.36.

26. Guillaume, Islam, p.7.

27. Encyclopedia of World Mythology and Legend, I:61.

28. Alfred Guillaume, Islam, pp.24-25.

29. Shorter Encyclopedia of Islam, p.274.

30. Hurgronji, Mohammedanism (Westport, CT: Hyperion Press, 1981), p.46.

31. McClintock and Strong, Cyclopedia, 6:406.

32. Pfander, The Balance of Truth, pp.343-348.

33. W. Montgomery Watt, Muhammad's Mecca, pp.70-72, 86-93.

34. Dashti, 23 Years, pp.120-138.

35. See the grammatical errors of Suras 2:177, 192; 3:59; 4:162; 5:69; 7:160; 13:28; 20:66; 63:10, etc.

36. Arthur Jeffery, The Foreign Vocabulary of the Quran (Baroda: Oriental Institute, 1938, no.79).

37. Dashti, 23 Years, pp.48 & 50.

38. Jalalu's-Din as-Syuti, Mutawakkil (translated by W.Y.Bell, Yale University). Also: Edward Sell, Studies, p.226.

39. Arthur Jeffery, Materials for the History of the Text of the Quran (New York: Russell F. Moore, 1952).

40. For a Muslim apologetical work aimed at overturning nearly every point raised by western scholars, see Muhammad Husayn Haykal's book The Life of Muhammad (Delhi: Crescent Pub., 1976). His book is marred by the constant use of circular reasoning and by an utter lack of any scholarship.

41. All western and Muslim scholars admit that there are variant readings of the Quran text: Dashti, 23 Years, p.28; Abdullah Mandudi, The Meaning of the Quran (Lahore, Islamic Pub. Itd., 1967), pp.17-18; McClintock and Strong, Cyclopedia, V:152.

42. Guillaume, Islam, p.189.

43. An good example of Muslim literature which admits to variant readings of the Quran is: Saleh al-Wahaihu, "A Study of Seven Quranic Variants", International Journal of Islamic and Arabic Studies, vol. V(1989), no.2, pp.1-57.

44. Jeffery, Materials, p.9 & p.10, no.2.

45. McClintock and Strong, Cyclopedia, V:152.

46. John Burton, The Collection of the Quran (London: Cambridge University Press, 1977), pp.117ff. See also Arthur Jeffery, Islam, Muhammad and His Religion (New York: Liberal Arts Press, 1958), pp.66-68.

47. Dashti, 23 Years, p.98.

48. Shorter Encyclopedia of Islam, pp.278-282; Guillaume, Islam, p.191; Wherry, A Comprehensive Commentary on the Quran, pp.110-111.

49. E.M. Wherry, A Comprehensive Commentary on the Quran, p.110.

50. Canon Sell, Historical Development of the Quran (Madras: Diocesan Press, 1923), pp.36-37.

51. Jeffery, Materials, pp.5-6.

52. Caesar Farah, Islam: Beliefs and Observations (New York, Barrons, 1987), p.28.

53. Adelphi Ghiyathuddin and Ernest Hahn, The Integrity of the Bible According to the Quran and the Hadith (Hyderabad, India: Henry Martyn Institute of Islamic Studies, 1977).

54. John Gilchrist, The Textual History of the Quran and the Bible (Benoni, South Africa: Jesus to the Muslims, 1987).

55. C.G. Pfander, The Balance of Truth (London: Religious Tract Society, 1910).

56. The Gospel of Barnabas condemns having more than one wife (the Quran allows a man to have up to four) and allows the eating of pork (the Quran forbids it).

57. Abdul-Ahad and Ernest Hahn, The Gospel of Barnabas (Hyderabad, India: Henry Martyn Institute of Islamic Studies, 1985).

58. William Campbell, The Gospel of Barnabas: Its True Value (Rawalpinidi, Pakistan: Christian Study Center, 1989).

59. J. Gilchrist, Origins and Sources of the Gospel of Barnabas (Benoni, South Africa: Jesus to the Muslims, 1987).

60. Mohammed said that if you wanted to know whether he was speaking the truth, go to the people of the Book and ask them to look in their Scriptures to see whether or not what he was saying was true (Suras 2-13, 16, 17, 20, 21, 23, 25, 26, 28, 29, 32, 34, 35, 39-48, 53, 54, 61, 62, 66, 74, 80, 87, 98, etc.)

61. 1. Sura 41:9, 10, 12 teach that Creation took eight days while 7:51 and 10:3 said it took six days. 2. There are also four differing accounts of Mohammed's reception of the Quran. In Sura 53:2-18; 81:19-24 Allah came to him in the form of a man. In Sura 16:102; 26:192-194, the Holy Spirit brought the revelation to Mohammed. In Sura 15:8, the angels brought the Quran to him. In Sura 2:97, it was Gabriel who delivered Allah's words to Mohammed.

62. Nimrod lived centuries before Abraham (Suras 21:68, 69; and 9:69); The Quran also falsely claims Haman and Moses lived at the same time, as well as Mary and Aaron (there are many more examples). This violates Biblical as well as secular history. See Encyclopedia Britannica, 13:479.

63. 1. In Sura 105, Mohammed claims that the elephant army of Abrah was defeated by birds dropping stones of baked clay upon them; history claims Abrah's army withdrew their attack on Mecca after a smallpox epidemic. 2. The Kabah was not built by Adam, then rebuilt by Abraham; it was built by pagans to worship a black meteorite. Abraham never lived at Mecca. In Sura 20:87, 95, it says that the Jews made the golden calf in the wilderness at the suggestion of "the Samaritan". However, the city of Samaria would not even come into existence until centuries after the golden calf incident. 3. The Quran claims that Alexander the Great was a Muslim who lived to an old age (Sura 18:89-98); history claims he was never a Muslim and died young (see Encyclopedia Britannica, 15:479).

64. Robert Morey, Islamic Invasion (Eugene, Oregon, Harvest House Pub., 1992), pp.129-158.

-Tract by Dr. Patrick Johnston